Tuesday, 28 December 2010

Forget About Winter, Think About Swimsuits Instead

By Stacy Cox

Published December 28, 2010

| FoxNews.com

Sick of winter yet?

Well, after shoveling the Tercel out from under a six-foot snow drift on Monday, we are.

So in the spirit of changing the subject, fast, we turned to style expert Nadja Koglin for her tips and recommendations for cruise and vacation wear as cruise season and, dare we say, Spring Break, start becoming more than just fantasies.

“Swimwear is more and more a part of our every day fashion," Koglin explained. "Brands like A Ché deliver bikini tops in top bra quality and bra sizes, so women wear it not just by the pool but also at night under a sleek blazer."

Koglin said some designers are embellishing their swimsuits and resort-wear to such an extent that you can leave heavy statement necklaces and other bold accessories at home. She recommends Beachbunny Swimwear because “they are consistently bedazzling their designs with seductive embellishments.”

She said A Ché also just launched beautiful, chic headpieces to match their swimwear. “It’s key to make sure to tone it down on the jewelry and other accessories or you will appear more like an unlit Christmas tree,” Koglin said.

Indeed.

Cruise season 2011 also marks the big return of the one-piece and the monokini in addition to a keen mindfulness towards choosing styles that flatter your curves. To that end, Nadja points out swimwear supermodel Joanna Krupa's vintage inspired, figure conscious high waisted bikini from Krupa's “Kashmir" collection.

“We have already embraced high waist pants throughout 2010, so it is nice to see this trend making its way into swimwear, since it’s very flattering for the waistline.”

Another resort-wear trend this year is lots of animal and safari prints, which easily coordinate with shorts, khaki pants, heels, boots and pareos. Koglin said she often wears a safari print bikini top with a white suit in the evening, and then recycles it pairing it with a mini skirt and sandals by day.

But while most of us will probably be rocking our swimsuits on the beach, and not the disco, there are still ways to enhance your look with swimsuits that pack an extra punch. Our favorite is a bust enhancement from Kymaro Bust-Up Cups, which you can wear under any garment to add support.

Take a look through Koglin's slideshow for more great swimwear ideas.

And please excuse us as we run off to the gym.

Waste crisis means 80 giant furnaces set for go-ahead in 2011

By Jonathan Brown

Tuesday, 28 December 2010

According to the Environment Agency there are 21 facilities in the UK currently treating municipal waste

Alamy

According to the Environment Agency there are 21 facilities in the UK currently treating municipal waste

A grassroots revolt is growing over a new generation of controversial incinerators planned across the UK, which would see the amount of household waste sent to be burnt more than double. Incinerators are currently being planned on more than 80 sites under the so-called "dash for ash".

The Coalition must decide this summer whether to give its blessing to the £10bn roll-out of the new incinerator chimneys, which continue to meet fierce levels of local resistance from those who would live in their shadow. Concern over possible health risks and impact on property prices looks likely to make incineration one of the most toxic political issues of 2011.

Vehement opposition also comes from environmentalists, who claim that incinerators contribute to greenhouse gases and discourage councils from meeting more ambitious recycling goals.

According to the Environment Agency there are 21 facilities in the UK currently treating municipal waste, while a further eight have been given the go-ahead but are not yet operational. It is estimated that a further two dozen "energy from waste" schemes are still making their way through the planning process or awaiting a final decision from the Secretary of State.

And the waste industry is promising a "step change" in burning Britain's annual rubbish mountain. It believes that "many more" will still be needed in the medium term to meet the previous government's goal of turning 25 per cent of municipal waste into energy to heat homes and provide electricity over the next decade, and prevent Britain from paying millions of pounds in future EU landfill fines.

The UK Without Incineration Network has 80 active groups opposing local developments. One of its co-ordinators, Shlomo Dowen, a former teacher, opposes a new incinerator on a former mine near his home in Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. The campaign is becoming a test of wills between local people and big business, he said.

"This about people power. Typically people start off from a situation of not giving much thought to what happens to their waste when it goes in the bin. They don't know and they don't want to know.

"But when an incinerator is proposed they become alarmed at the health impact and this gets them to take to the internet. Then they realise they are very expensive and that there are other viable alternatives such as anerobic digestion which is renewable.

"No one is arguing that incinerators improve people's health. The debate is about how much local people's health will be depreciated.

"The waste companies underestimate the level of resistance. They don't care as passionately as people do for their own neighbourhood. To them it's just a job. The more people scrutinise the process the more likely it is to come off the rails."

That resistance now includes the Chancellor, George Osborne, who has added his support to campaigners against a new incinerator in his Cheshire constituency. The Liberal Democrats have have opposed incineration at national and local levels. Political support for incineration looks increasingly uncertain as the amount of waste generated each year by households has been falling steadily and recycling rates increasing. Waste companies however claim there will always be a limit to how much rubbish can be recycled – at around 70 per cent of what we throw away – leaving millions of tonnes each year as a valuable untapped energy resource.

Julian Kirby, Friends of the Earth's resource use campaigner, rejects industry claims that incinerators could help remove 34 million tonnes of CO2 from the atmosphere by preventing rubbish being buried in the ground where it continues to produce harmful greenhouse gases. "Scratch the surface and you see that, because of all the oil-based materials they burn, such as plastics, they emit a third more CO2 than gas-fired power stations. Add in emissions from biogenic materials such as paper, textiles and food, and they can be more than twice as bad as coal-fired power stations," he said.

But with further capacity for 1.2 million tonnes of waste-burning already planned, the industry is not having it all its own way – despite the backing of business leaders including the CBI, which earlier this year urged councils to bury their objections to building new incinerators.

Both coalition parties are committed to the growth in the emerging anaerobic digestion industry in which biodegradable matter is recycled into renewable energy.

Meanwhile in October seven projects due to be funded under a private finance initiative were scrapped by the Coalition, in several cases on cost grounds – but not before local authorities had spent millions of pounds investigating and consulting on the matter during the lengthy planning stage.

David Sher, policy adviser for the Environmental Services Association, which represents the waste industry, acknowledged the level of opposition.

"While all large infrastructure projects are challenging to deliver, energy from waste projects are still shaking off occasionally held misconceptions that increase that challenge," he said. "These surround their impact on recycling rates and uncertainty over the health and environmental effects of emissions.

"In recent years, significant work has gone into debunking the myths surrounding energy from waste, notably by the Health Protection Agency, showing that any potential damage for well-regulated incinerators is very small or so small as to be undetectable."

Mr Sher insisted: "Energy from waste is a clean, proven and reliable technology and must form a component of sustainable waste management and energy strategies."

HOUSEHOLD WASTE BY NUMBERS

23,700,000 tonnes of household waste collected in England in 2009-10 and 1.5m tonnes in Wales.

1,036 kg of waste from typical English households in 2009-10, of which 411kg was recycled.

4,000 Number of landfill sites in the United Kingdom.

9.4 million tonnes of England's household waste is now recycled – 3.3 times the figure in 2001.

70 per cent of what we throw away can be recycled.

25 per cent: the Government target for the amount of municipal waste it wants burnt and converted into household energy over the next 10 years.

21 incineration facilities in the United Kingdom treating municipal waste, with a further eight soon coming into operation.

24 "energy from waste" schemes are in the planning stages or awaiting imminent Government approval.

£48 per tonne – current rate of landfill tax. It is due to rise every April for the next three years.

international top tracks on Last.fm: Rihanna, Kanye West, Daft Punk

Relaxnews

Tuesday, 28 December 2010


US recording artist Rihanna remains in the top spot in the Last.fm singles chart the week of December 12 for her hit track "Only Girl (In the World)." US pop star Katy Perry remains a strong contender with two tracks from her hit album Teenage Dream in the top ten. Also this week: Kanye West and Daft Punk.

Rapper, producer, and recording artist Kanye West claims three spots in the top ten with tracks from his fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. Released November 22, the album has reached number one in album charts in the US and Canada. New this week: the track "All of the Lights (Interlude)" jumps 25 spots into eighth place with 22,037 listeners. "All of the Lights" climbs into third with 26,896 listeners, while "Dark Fantasy" drops to fourth with 26,883 listeners.

Guy-Manuel de Homen-Christo and Thomas Bangalter of the French house duo Daft Punk released their soundtrack to TRON: Legacy, the sequel to 1982's Tron, on December 7. Since, the soundtrack has reached number one in dance/electronic music charts in the US and UK. This week, the album's lead single "Derezzed" jumps two spots into sixth place with 124,526 listeners. Renowned internationally as electronic music innovators, the duo has received two Grammy Awards and seven nominations.

Last.fm's top tracks for December 12 through 19:

1. Rihanna - "Only Girl (In the World)" (34,998 listeners)
2. Katy Perry - "Firework" (30,101 listeners) (+1)
3. Kanye West - "All of the Lights" (26,896 listeners) (+1)
4. Kanye West - "Dark Fantasy" (26,883 listeners) (-2)
5. Florence + the Machine - "Dog Days Are Over" (24,755 listeners)
6. Daft Punk - "Derezzed" (24,526 listeners) (+2)
7. Katy Perry - "Teenage Dream" (24,128 listeners) (-1)
8. Kanye West - "All of the Lights (Interlude)" (22,037 listeners) (+25)
9. Bruno Mars - "Just the Way You Are" (21,898 listeners)
10. The xx - "Crystalised" (21,560 listeners) (-3)

Last.fm claims more than 40 million active users based in more than 200 countries. Available in 12 languages, the site's radio service is free for users in the UK, the US, and Germany; elsewhere, a subscription costs €3.00 per month. Using a system called "scrobbling," Last.fm's charts measure everything its users listen to through the Last.fm website as well as hundreds of other music sites and services, including iTunes, Spotify, and The Hype Machine.

http://www.last.fm

Watch Rihanna's music video for "Only Girl (In the World)": http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa14VNsdSYM

John Rentoul: Take a peek into my crystal ball for 2011

Predictions are a dangerous business. Serious risk of opening oneself up to ridicule,and possibly even contempt. So, let's do it

Tuesday, 28 December 2010

I predict that next year will be a prime number. Anything beyond that is risky. I do not want to be in the same position as Craig and Jane, who predicted that this year "quantum physicists discover extraordinary way to generate electricity from water". Although there are still four days to go. Craig ("£1.50 per minute – pay by credit card or add to your phone bill") claims credit for some of his other predictions: "France did make some threats about leaving the euro. Many clergy became Catholics – a trend that is still continuing now. Holiday firms, building companies and aviation companies went bust. However, Victoria Beckham did not get pregnant as predicted, and I was wrong about Gordon Brown being forced out of office before the election." Mind you, he was not alone there.

As I say, a dangerous business. Serious risk of opening oneself to ridicule and possibly even contempt. So, let's do it.

Oldham East and Saddleworth. By-election on 13 January. Labour gain.

Welsh referendum, 3 March. Labour-Plaid Cymru gain.

Alternative Vote referendum, 5 May. Lib Dem loss.

The economy. Petrol prices, VAT, National Insurance and public spending cuts. Conservative gain.

That just about wraps up the political year. There are also several ball-based public entertainments. The cricket seems to be going well. Later will be the other kind of cricket that they play quickly (it's a relative term) in their pyjamas. Before that, I have high hopes that the Philadelphia Eagles will make it to the Super Bowl on 6 February. Later in the year, the rugby World Cup is in New Zealand.

But perhaps I had better explain my politics predictions. The first scheduled test of the year will be the "Old and Sad" by-election. Describing it as a Labour gain is not strictly accurate, as the prediction is that Labour will hold the seat vacated by Phil Woolas, whose election by 0.3 per cent of the votes has been declared void by the electoral court. However, in the circumstances, for Labour to keep the seat would be a morale-booster for Ed Miliband. Those circumstances being the London view that Woolas was disgraced, that Miliband's leadership is in trouble and that the Liberal Democrats think they can win it.

None of those is really true. I was in Littleborough and Saddleworth, as much of the constituency then was, when the Lib Dems won the 1995 by-election. I was in the pub that was their campaign HQ as they were singing "Walking in a Liberal Wonderland" into the small hours. Woolas lost, but he won the redrawn seat in the general election and he was popular there.

So I doubt that many local voters care that much about his rough tactics in the last election. Those who do care would probably never vote Labour anyway and, in any case, Labour's new candidate, Debbie Abrahams, is, as far as anyone knows, innocent by dissociation.

Unless there is a big surge of local anti-Labour sentiment, therefore, Abrahams is likely to win. In national opinion polls, Labour is 10 percentage points up on its general election vote, and the Lib Dems are 13 points down. Having been neck-and-neck in the constituency, that means that Elwyn Watkins, the Lib Dem who brought the court case against Woolas, starts from a long way back – and his party's change of policy on tuition fees hardly helps him.

That is why, incidentally, there is discontent among Conservatives that the Prime Minister wished the Lib Dems well in the contest, and has let it be known that he wants to soft-pedal the Tory campaign to assist Watkins. The Tory vote nationally has held firm since the general election, which means that a simple extrapolation suggests that they should be Labour's main challenger in the by-election. This view is attractive to the bone-headed tendency on the Tory backbenches, and overlooks the dynamics of tactical voting: Tories might vote Lib Dem in the constituency, but Lib Dems are unlikely to vote Tory. In any case, Cameron is merely being polite. He knows it is a lost cause, but at least he can tell Nick Clegg he tried.

So, a good day for Ed Miliband on 13 January. And another bad day for Nick Clegg on 5 May, when the referendum will be held on changing the voting system. The Labour Party – which had been bounced by Gordon Brown into supporting electoral reform in its manifesto – has decided that it does not like coalitions (can't think why), so now anything that smacks of proportional representation, even if it isn't, is seen as an evil Cleggy plot.

The Alternative Vote – which simply means numbering candidates in order of preference – might be a bit more proportional in Britain; but only if the third party continues to attract a lot of votes, which may be a bit doubtful after five years of coalition. And if Labour is not campaigning enthusiastically for a Yes vote, it is hard to see how the forces of small c conservatism and misrepresentation can be beaten back. Especially when so many Lib Dems and electoral reformers themselves are so lukewarm about AV, which they regard as a "miserable" (Clegg's word) pigeon-step towards the fully proportional systems they really want.

Which is a shame, because AV would be a small step towards giving voters a little more power – hardly any need for tactical voting and fewer wasted votes. But that is by way of an aside, because the political consequences are likely to include the further erosion of Clegg's credibility and the Lib Dems' standing.

Nor is there much prospect of a respite for the Lib Dems in the other festivals of democracy in the next year. The referendum in Wales is likely to approve greater law-making powers for the Assembly there, which will be seen as an advance for the Labour-Plaid coalition. There is not much reliable polling on the Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish elections in May, but we do not expect much change and certainly no advance for the Lib Dems in Edinburgh or Cardiff.

If we put Clegg to one side, then, as the voters seem inclined to do, what will influence the contest between Cameron and Miliband over the next year? The assumption among left-wing clairvoyants is that, once next week's VAT rise, the National Insurance rise in April and the spending cuts start to bite, the voters will flock to Labour's standard. Just as they did in the last two periods of fiscal retrenchment, in 1979-81 and 1990-92. Oh.

Only this week, Labour folk were congratulating Andy Burnham, now education spokesman, on forcing a second policy reverse on Michael Gove; this time on a free book scheme of which I had never heard; last time it was over school sports, which everyone agrees is a Good Thing but no one actually cares about. These are chimera. The compilers of "Cameron's U-Turns" do not realise that they are enumerating his strengths. A liberal conservative Prime Minister who is flexible enough to adjust his policy details while taking credit for the big, hard decisions needed to balance the nation's books.

I predict a bad year for Nick Clegg; a bad year that will feel like a good one for Ed Miliband; and only one winner.

John Rentoul is chief political commentator for The Independent on Sunday

twitter.com/JohnRentoul

independent.co.uk/jrentoul

Record number of millionaires created by National Lottery

By Tom Pugh, PA

Tuesday, 28 December 2010

A record-breaking number of millionaires were created by the National Lottery this year, figures revealed today.

A total of 158 people joined the exclusive millionaires' club over the past 12 months, an increase of 26 on 2009.

The lottery paid out £775 million in jackpot prizes alone this year, up £285 million on 2009 and the highest amount ever paid out in one year.

A National Lottery spokesman said: "This has been an extraordinary year for our players with so many new millionaires and multi-millionaires created.

"There have been some huge prizes paid out during the last 12 months, and we've also been told that many of our big winners have created additional millionaires themselves as a result of their win, which is fantastic news."

In October, the National Lottery hit the landmark of creating more than 2,500 millionaires since its launch 16 years ago.

A series of lottery records have also been smashed in what has been regarded as an unprecedented year.

In February, Nigel and Justine Page, from Gloucestershire, scooped the £56 million jackpot prize on EuroMillions.

The win was then followed by two even bigger payouts, one of £84 million in May and then £113 million in October. Both ticket-holders opted to remain anonymous.

Other big winners included George Sturt and his family, from Dorking, Surrey, who collected £26 million between them, and a £39.7 million ticket-holder who remained anonymous.

August saw the highest number of millionaires created when 19 people joined the wealthy club, while October saw the highest amount of prize money paid out, totalling more than £167 million.

A further 25 millionaires were created on Christmas Eve when the National Lottery held a one-off Millionaire Raffle draw.

So far, 15 out of the 25 ticket-holders have come forward to claim their £1 million prize money, a spokesman said.

Only 89 major prizes became classed as unclaimed in 2010, meaning that they remained unclaimed two weeks after the draw.

But 54 prizes were subsequently reunited with the winner within the 180 day deadline, the largest of which was a £5.6 million jackpot in the Port Talbot area of South Wales.

Of the remaining prizes, 15 went over the 180 day deadline and were added to the £25 billion raised for good causes by the National Lottery, while 20 remain still available to claim.

2010: the year in science

It has been an exciting time for scientific progress. Tom Chivers selects the highlights .

The Large Hadron Collider.
The Large Hadron Collider. Photo: PA

Physics
There has been one major story this year: the Large Hadron Collider. In March, it started colliding particle beams; last month, it smashed beams of lead ions together at 99.99 per cent of the speed of light, achieving a temperature of 10 trillion degrees C, equal to the first microsecond after the Big Bang. The results suggest the early universe behaved like a super-hot liquid. From February, it is hoped that experiments will reveal more about dark matter, the nature of quarks, the Strong Nuclear Force, and, of course, the Higgs boson, the mysterious particle that is believed to give matter mass.

Elsewhere, physicists at the University of California induced quantum behaviour in a machine, making it exist in two quantum states at once. The experiment won Science magazine’s Breakthrough of the Year award for its potential to revolutionise quantum engineering by enabling similar objects to exist in two places simultaneously.

Health


For the first time in Britain, a trial of a treatment based on embryonic stem cells – heralded as the next leap forward for medicine – went ahead. Researchers at University College London, said it “marks the dawn of the Stem Cell Age”. In January, we learnt that a vaccine for leukaemia had been tested on humans. Trials at King’s College London are at an early stage, but the vaccine showed promising results in mice.

In February, hopes of “personalised” cancer treatments were raised by geneticists at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Treatment that is customised according to a person’s genetic fingerprint has been tested on patients with bowel and breast cancer. It is a step towards cancer “becoming a manageable, chronic disease”. The race is also on to be the first scientist to sequence a person’s entire genetic code for less than $1,000.

Alien life


It has been a big year for E.T. – or has it? In September, an astronomer claimed it was “100 per cent” definite that life existed on Gliese 581g, a small, rocky planet in just the right orbit for life. This month, rumours of a new form of life on our own planet swept the internet.

Unfortunately, neither turned out to be ground-breaking. Professor Steven Vogt of the University of California, who made the “100 per cent” claim, was overstating the case – in fact, we’re not sure that Gliese 581g exists. The alien-life-on-Earth rumours were false, too: the discovery was of a new kind of bacterium that can metabolise arsenic. Still, the more Earth-like planets we discover, the more likely it is that life exists elsewhere; and the arsenic bugs, found in Mono Lake, California, show how hardy life is.

Biology

The controversial biologist Craig Venter hit the headlines yet again, creating a synthetic life form in his laboratory. “Synthia” was created using the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium. Venter and his team altered the DNA using a computer, taking out 100 genes and adding a “watermark”. They then put the genome into the nucleus of an M. genitalium bacterium, which reproduced, creating Mycoplasma laboratorium.

There was also pleasing news for Jurassic Park fans: a zoo in San Diego has been cloning dead animals. So far, they have only been using endangered species, but the technique would work perfectly well on extinct ones. Will we see velociraptors next? Probably not – but expect reports about cloning, genetic engineering and artificial life to become a part of our daily lives.

Science in the news

It has been a bad year for pseudoscience: the British Chiropractic Association’s libel case against Simon Singh, the author who called their treatments “bogus”, failed ignominiously in the Court of Appeal. A Government Evidence Check into homoeopathy found it had “no credible evidence of efficacy”, and the British Medical Association voted against its provision on the NHS. Also, Andrew Wakefield, the doctor at the heart of the MMR scare, was struck off by the General Medical Council for unethical behaviour.

It hasn’t been all good news for science, though. Professor David Nutt, the Government’s chief adviser on drugs, was fired for claiming (and providing evidence) that ecstasy and LSD are less dangerous than alcohol.

Fortunately, fears that research funding would be savagely cut in the spending review proved unfounded, but researchers will still have to do more with less.

Environment


Away from the furore of sceptics crowing over “Climategate”, the bad news continued to pour in. A report published by the Royal Society and the Zoological Society of London showed that one in five vertebrate species is under threat of extinction, while a United Nations study said that we are losing species faster than at any time since the death of the dinosaurs.

The acidification of the oceans has continued, threatening to destroy reef systems and cause food shortages as fish populations die out.

And, of course, the planet continued to get warmer: 2000 to 2009 was the hottest decade on record, while 2010 has been one of the three hottest years, according to the World Meteorological Association.

Still, at least it has been nice and cold this winter.

Space

You may not realise, but this is a golden age for space exploration.

Ikaros, the first sail-powered spacecraft, was launched from Japan in May, en route to the Sun. The 20m sail, which is just 0.0075mm thick, is propelled by sunlight, which should allow Ikaros’s successors to travel at far greater speeds than conventional rockets. And, at the end of 2011, a Nasa mission to Mars will carry instruments to detect the presence of life, past or present.

Closer to home, satellites have been providing wonderful views of the cosmos. As the Hubble Space Telescope turned 20, Nasa released another incredible image – this time of the Carina Nebula, while a more recent telescope, Planck, captured the first image of the entire universe.

In February, we will bid a fond farewell to one of the icons of space travel – the Space Shuttle is to be retired after 30 years in service.

However, a few billion miles away, Voyager 1, which was launched in 1977, is still going strong. It has become the first man-made object to reach the edge of the Solar System.

Could half of us live to 100?

As another year draws to a close, Steve Jones looks at how many of us are likely to see 100 New Year's Eves.

Henry Allingham, the World War One veteran who was the oldest man in the world at the time of his death last year, aged 113.
Henry Allingham, the World War One veteran who was the oldest man in the world at the time of his death last year, aged 113. Photo: REUTERS

This deadly time of year is a good time to think about death. In three days, Old Father Time will expire. The year 2010 is hence one per cent away from extinction – the same proportion, as it happens, as of British men who reach their centenary.

That figure, however, is growing. In 2010, the number of centenarians reached 11,600, more than four times the total 30 years ago. At the present rate, that will rise seven times more by 2034. If such progress continues, half the babies born since the millennium will see in 2100.

Is that really possible? Some doubt it. Bannister's four-minute mile in 1954 was pushed down to three minutes 43 seconds in 1999; at that rate, the record in 2110 would be an impossible three minutes. To meet the mortality target, death rates at all ages will have to drop by half, equivalent to the elimination of cancer and heart disease. Even so, other experts think that we still have biological reserves ready to be revealed as medical care progresses.

Demography started with John Graunt in his 1662 book on life and death in London. His causes of demise included "ague" (malaria), "chrisom" (death after baptism), "frighted" (heart attack), "overlaid" (an infant smothered), "rising of the lights" (croup), together with one unfortunate who was "bit with a mad dog" and another dead of piles.

Apart from the dog, each cause tended to affect those of a particular age. Many "died of the thrush, convulsion, rickets, teeth, and worms, or as abortives, chrisomes, infants, liver-grown". One child in three met its end before the age of six, one in 30 made it to 70, and one in a thousand made it to 100.

Nowadays, just 5,000 children under 15 die each year in the UK, a huge drop from the 200,000 recorded in 1900 – in a population about half the size. Medicine and sewers have played a part, but wealth – which brings warmth, food and, best of all, education – is just as vital. The deeper education penetrates, the longer people live. As a result, above a certain level, inequality kills as much as does poverty. The US might be richer than us, but has a lower life expectancy, while Costa Rica does as well as us with a quarter of the wealth.

In Graunt's day, most deaths came from outside (mad dogs included). Here, many such external causes are now under control, but not across the world. In the Third World, infant mortality is far higher than elsewhere, and young people also do badly. A third of humankind is in its teens or early twenties, of which nine out of 10 are in developing countries. Traffic accidents often kill the men, with violence and suicide close behind (in parts of the Americas, these cause almost half of all young male deaths, far more than HIV or TB).

Women do even worse because of problems in childbirth, with more than 250,000 pregnancy-related deaths each year. Botched abortions are the main avoidable killer: in some places, the maternal mortality rate is 100 times higher than where abortion is legal. In South Africa, the fatality rate tumbled tenfold once abortion was legalised. All told, the World Health Organisation says that seven out of 10 young deaths are avoidable.

John Graunt had many heirs. Some of the most energetic were in Scandinavia. They have recently tested whether the huge gains in life expectancy there over three centuries arose because the actual rate of ageing decreased, or from better conditions and improved medical care. It turns out that when the horrors of disease, violence and the rest are discounted, the death rate has been remarkably constant over time, with the same slow and regular increase in the chance of individual mortality with increasing age.

The improvements, in other words, came from controlling those external forces. Now that they have been almost defeated – in Sweden, at least – we are, like athletes, pushing our physical limits, and medical science may not take us much further. The Grim Reaper will swing his scythe almost as effectively in 2011 as in 2010; and on that note, I wish my readers a very happy new year.